The Application, Presentation, and Session layers turn out to be so closely related that the best thing to do is to have one big state machine for all three layers rather than implementing a separate state machine for each. So, in the upper layers, we feel that the layering structure of the OSI model is not quite right; I think you'll find very few people who disagree with that. Nevertheless, it's something we have to live with because we realize it would be impossible at this point to make radical changes to the OSI model. -- DECnet Phase V: An OSI Implementation (1992)